Wikipedia

Ñaqq

Ñaqq moy ab mbir muy indi kaarange ngir daqq yeen feebar yi. An ñaqq dafay am ab microorganizm bu ñuy yaakaar ni indi feebar moko taxa jòg.ñu ngi kay defaree ci lu ëp ci mikorob yu dee,yu am tooke, wala yu am ay proteyin. Mbir moomu ñu wax nak dafay gënë doolel ni yaramu nit ki di doxee ba noppi jappe ko ni lukay bëg galangkoor,bala mu kay yaqq, tek ci yaqq yeneeni microorganizm yu lunko ak ńom. Nga ñaqq nit ki lolu nañuy wax ñaqqu. Ñaqqu moy faggu bi gën ngir moytu yen feebar yiy walle;[1] Ñaqqu mooy li gënë gaaw ngir jëlefi febaru variol tek ci waani febar yi ci melni polio,ngass ak tetaanoos. Bokk na ci ñaqq yi nga xam ni leernaniou ni amnañ ay jeexital yi baax lu ci melni ñaqqub socc muy sotti,[2] ñqqub HPV,[3] ak ñaqqub febaru ginaar yi.[4] Turu ñaqak ñaqqu mu ngi joge ci Variolae vaccinae(ngasum naq), kaddu googu Edward Jenner moko kereeye jagleelko naq yu feebar yi.

Njariñ yi Soppi

Xeetu ñaqqu yi woor nañu lool te am njariñ ngir xeex feebar yiy law.[5][6][7][8] Wante, di nañu wax ni ñaqqu bi warna def ay jeego ngir gënë baax.[9] Njariñu ñaqqu bi mu ngi aaju ci yi ñu leen di bëg limal:

  • Feebar bi ci boppam (setlu nañu ni yenn feebar yi ñaqqu mo ci gën).
  • Xosaanu ñaqq(yeen ci ñaqq xam nañu lan mooleen taxa jóg ngir feebar bi ñu bëgg xeex).[10]
  • Walla porogoraamu ñaqqu bi saytu nañu ko bu baax.
  • Njeexital ci ku jël ñaqq bi;Amna ño xamni seen yaram nanguwul nonu ñaqq yi.
  • Ponk yu melni ki xeet, magee, wala tolluwayu yaram ci sëy.

Su fekke ni nit kiñu ñaqq ba pare ci been feebar dafa kontine di am yeenen galankoor ci feebar bobu mën nanu wax ni ak numu mënti deme moy gën4 neewle ay jafe jafe ci ko xamante ni mësul ñaqqu ngir daw feebar bobu.[11] Yii ñuy bëggë lim amna ñu solo lool ci porogaraamu ñaqq.[12]

  1. Pexe ngir xool nann la porogaramu ñaqq bi mën am ci diir bu gaat wala bu gudd
  2. Saytu guy faral di am ci yenn feebar yi.
  3. Kaarange gu woor ci moytu ab feebar, doontane sax feebar bobu lu neew limuy am la

Ñaqq yi ñu ngi ci yoonu jëlefi febaru wariyol, ben ci xeetu febar yiy walle yi ëpp ci lumuy ray doomu adama.[13] Yeeneeni feebar yu ci melni rubewol, laago, ngass,nopp buy metti,feebaru ginaar,ak tifoyid nekuñu ay feebar yi ñiy gis leegi donte ni li siiwoon le ay teemeeri teemeeri at ci ginaw te li indi loolu yëp moy ñaqq yi ñu komaase def . Su fekke ni li ëpp ci nit ñi ñaqq nañu leen, di na jafe lool mbas mbi law. Lolu nañuy woowee faggug mbas. Ñaqqu itam dañuy dimbali ngir faggu lawaayu doomu jangoro ji. Ci misaal dafay waañi yaqqute yi febaru xëtër mën indi te ñu kay woowe Streptococcus . Porogaraamu ñaqq yi waañi nañu bu baax lawaayuk yen in feksoon yi jëm ci peneesilin ak yu ni mel.[14] Xayma bi ñu def ci ñaqqum ngass mi mooy ni mën na faggu ci been miliyong nit yu dee at mu ne.[15]

Gaalang koor yi Soppi

Naqq yi ñuy def nit ki ci bamuy nekk ndaw lu woor lë.[16] Gaalang koor yi tamit su fekke ni amna lu neew lë.[17] Gaalang koor yi ñuy faral di jangoontel moy yaram bu taang, mettit ci buñu lay pikiir, ak yaram buy metti.[17] mën nañu ci yoqq itam ni ñen ci nit ñi seen yaram mën na bana nangu ñaqq bi.[18] Gaalang yu tar yi lu neew le [16].

Fasong yi. Soppi

Yenn ci ñaqq yi am na doomu jangaro ji bunu saytu te rayko wala ay mbir yuñu ci jëlee.[19]

Yiiy nelaw Soppi

Yeen ci ñaqq yi am nañu luñuy wax micoro-organizm yudul yëngu yoo xam ni tooke moka rayy wala tangaay wala rajaason.[20] Mën nañu boole ci misaal yi ñaqqub poli, ñaqqup epatit A,ñaqqup doomu jangoro bu ñuy wax rabies ak yenn ñaqqub socc muy xelli.[21]

Waañig dangar Soppi

Amna yeen ci ay ñaqq yu am ay micoroorganizm yuy waañi dangar. Fsong yooyu di nañu yagg lool ci yaramu nit ki, wante xëy në taxu ñukoo woor nonu ci bu ñu leen defee ci ñenn ñi ko seen yaram nanguwul.

Tooke bu boon Soppi

Naqqub toxoid yi ñu ngi leen defaree ci ay tooke yu ñu jaxase yuy indi feebar kë ay micro organizm.[22]

Xeetu waksin Soppi

Naqqub subunit yi dañuy jëfëndiko ab dammit ci micfroorganizm bi ngir defar li ñuy wax ay soldaar.aqqub subunit yi dañuy jëfëndiko ab dammit ci micfroorganizm bi ngir defar li ñuy wax ay soldaar.

Conjuguer Soppi

Amna yeen ci ay bakteri yu am tooke yu leen di muur yu xawa woyof ay soldaar. Bu nu boole tooke yi ak ay poroteyin, yaramu nit mën na jap kome si tooke yi ay proteyin lañu woon.

Saytu Soppi

Barina ay xeetu ñaqqu yu bees yo xamantani ñu ngi kay jëfëndikoo waye itam ñu ngi ciy liggey ngir ñu gënë effikas.Naqqu yi ci ëpp dañu leen defar ci no xamantenee dañu jaxase ay micro-organizm. ñaqq yu. Amna nak ay xeetu ñaqqu yo xamante ñu ngi leen defaré ak mennef yu ute.

Tooke gi Soppi

Naqq yi mën nañoo am been wala ay mbir yu bari yu ñu më facc. Ñaqq buy facc been feebar ñu ngi japp ni li ko taxa njó mooy ar la ci ludul been doomu jangaro bi wala linu mel.[23] Defar nañu ab ñaqq bu mënë xeex ñaar ba au walax jaan yu bari yu sosoo ci been mikoro-organizm,wala sax mu xeex ñaari mikoro-organizm wala luko ëpp.[24]

Jaxase ñaqq Soppi

Yii ńooy ñaqq yiy jëfëndiko li ñuy wax patozen yuy jugee ci yeneeni mala yoo xamni du ñu indi jangaro ci yaramu doomu adama buñuy facc.

Magg ak weer Soppi

Yaramu doomu aadama ma bi nangu na ni mandarga yi ñaqq bi di utilize bokkul ci moom, yaram bi dafkay yaqq tek ci du lumuy "faate". Bu been ci:

  1. Ci kaw teye mbir mi ci bamuy teel bala muy ëppi loxo
  2. Ci kaw ñu nangu ko tek ci faagaagal doomu jangoro ji bala muy law

Komprime yi ak jumtukayu sey Soppi

Naqqu yi am nañu ben wala ay komprime, yuy yokk di gawal ligeyuk yaramu nit kiñaqqu yi mën nañu itam am xeetu soldaar yu len di fagul yen walaate yiy and ak salëte.

Porogaraam Soppi

Ngir am karaange gu woor, ñu ngi diggël  xale yi ñu jël ñaqq bi jamono ji ko seen yaram nangoo.Ñuy yokk ni ''xeetu pikiir yi" digle nañuko ngir am "karange gu mat". Li digle nañuko ci porogaramu xeetu ñaqq yu doywaar yi. Bari ay xeetu ñaqq yu ñu digël ñi seen at takku wala ñiy faral di pikiiru ci sen dundu. Lu ci melni feebaru ngass, tetaanos,soj muy xelli ak feebaru xëtër. Xeetu ñaqq yi ñuy digël mak ñi mu ngi jëm ci ñi am feebaru xëtër ak soj muy xelli.

Taarix Soppi

Ci lu jiitu ñuy dugël ñaqq yi jële ko ci feebaru nak ni, feebar bi ñuy wax variol mënoon nañu ko faaggu ci buñuxamoon fan la doomu jangaro bikay joxe di duggee. Fasong rëbb bu ñëkk bi sinua yi doon def ñu ngi ko commaase woon amna junni at ci ginaaw.[25] Ci boori atuk 1760 Edward Jenner jáng na ni rat katu meew yi mësuñu am feebar bobu ñuy wax variol ndaxte amoon nañu ba paré feebar bi ñuy wax febaru nak wi. Ci atum 1796, Jenner jëloon na tuti ndox ci ben rat katu meewu nak bu amoon goom ci loxo mu boole ko ak doomu jangoro bobu di dal nak yi, jaxase ko daldi kay tas ci loxowu ben xale bu ay atam toll ci 8, bi ñu ci tege júroom ben ayu bes mu ñaqq xale bi ngir ar ko ci feebar bi. Ci njeexital gi gis nani gouné gui amoul wone feebar bi.[26][27]. Jenner daaldi gënë yaatal ay gëstoom tekci ci atum 1798 mu waxni ñaqq bi mou defar lou woor le our ndaw ñi ak mak ñi. Naareelu ndorteelu ñaqqu yi ki di Louis Pasteur moko fi dugël ci boori atu 1880. Nga ñaqq nit ki lolu nañuy wax ñaqqu. Ñaqqu moy faggu bi gën ngir moytu yen feebar yiy walle; Ñaqqu mooy li gënë gaaw ngir jëlefi febaru variol tek ci waani febar yi ci melni polio,ngass ak tetaanoos. Li ëpp ci ñaqq yi ñuy defar mu ngi juge ci xaalis bu gornment bi, uniwersité yi ak o n g yi.[28] Bari na ay ñaqq yu seer lool te wa kër doctoor nokay jëfëndikoo.[29] Limuk ñaqq yi ñu joxe dafa yok te jeggi dayo ci at yii ñu weesu.[30] Tek ci, ñaqq yi ñuy defaral júr gi daf leen di aar ñoom ngir ñu bañ am feebar tek ci ñu baña wall nit ñi.[31]

Li ci biir wergu yaram Soppi

Rangu patents yi ci ñaqq bi mën na nek galangkoor ci ñaqq yu bees yi ñuy jëmële kanam. Ci kaarange gu doyadi gi patents yi am, mën nañu wax ni yeesal yi ñu mbebet mënul jaar ci ludul def ab liggey bu xarañ jëmëleko ci aar ak di nëb yoon yi ñuy aw ngir yokk mëninam.[32]

Ci ay waxu Mbootay Gi Ëmb Wergu Yaram ci Aduna bi, jafe jafe bi gënë mak bi reew yu neew doole yi di jankonteel ngir defar sen ñaqqu bop mooy ñakkum xaalis, ay jumtuwaay,ak ay nit yu xarañ yu mën ligeey bi.

Yenen pexe Soppi

Gis nañu ni liggey bi ñuy def ci ñaqq yi mu ngi gën di mucc ayib ba am nañu yaakar ni dina gënë am njariñ ci ñi kay jëfëndiko

Amna ay setlu yu jëm kanam ci yi ñu def ci yen ñaqq yi ñuy jox nit ñi nu naan ko.[33] Bu ci melni bu polio bi bobu wane na ni ay ndaw mën nañ ko joxxe te ñu bañ leena taggat yeen taggat yi.[34][35]

Jangat yu xoot yi ñu def ci ñaqq bi ñu tuddee needle-free ñu ngi kay yëggali ci mala yi.[36]

The development of new delivery systems raises the hope of vaccines that are safer and more efficient to deliver and administer.

Jëm jëm Soppi

Vaccine development has several trends:

  • Xarante naqq bi daffa bari  jëm jëm [37]
  • Ba ci lu yaggul dara rek xeetu ñaqq yi ñi ngi ko jagleelon bébé yi ak gune yi, wante ñu ngi kay bëg jëmële bu baax  ci njagamaar yi ak mak ñi. [37][38]
  • Di jaxase ay xeetu ñaqq legi luñuy gis le.[37]
  • Amna ay yoon yu gënë xarañ yu ñuy jaar ngir gënë ñoñal walum ñaq bi. [37]
  • Defar nañu ñaqq yi no xamante ne dafay gënë ñoñal xeex gi muy xeex yen reaksion yaramu nit ki, ci ni mu gënee. [37]
  • Amna ay jeego yu ñuy def ngir doolel ñaqq ndax mu mën daan yen feebar yu tar yi.[37]
  • Nu ngi liggey ci yokk xarañtewu yeen ñaqq yi ngir mu xeex yeen coxorte jangaro yi.[37]
  • Neen ci bororm xam xam yi ño ngi jeema liggey ci ay fasong ñaqq ngir gënë xam ni wirus bi mel. Lolu dina tax ñu mën faggu ñaqq yi.[39]

Références Soppi

  1. ↑ §  United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). A CDC framework for preventing infectious diseases. Archived 2017-08-29 at the Wayback MachineAccessed 11 September 2012. "Vaccines are our most effective and cost-saving tools for disease prevention, preventing untold suffering and saving tens of thousands of lives and billions of dollars in healthcare costs each year." §  American Medical Association (2000). Vaccines and infectious diseases: putting risk into perspective. Archived 2015-02-05 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 11 September 2012. "Vaccines are the most effective public health tool ever created." §  Public Health Agency of Canada. Vaccine-preventable diseases. Archived 2015-03-13 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 11 September 2012. "Vaccines still provide the most effective, longest-lasting method of preventing infectious diseases in all age groups." §  United States National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). NIAID Biodefense Research Agenda for Category B and C Priority Pathogens. Archived2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 11 September 2012. "Vaccines are the most effective method of protecting the public against infectious diseases."
  2. ↑ Fiore AE, Bridges CB, Cox NJ (2009). Seasonal influenza vaccines. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 333. pp. 43–82. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_3. ISBN 978-3-540-92164-6. PMID 19768400.
  3. ↑ Chang Y, Brewer NT, Rinas AC, Schmitt K, Smith JS (July 2009). "Evaluating the impact of human papillomavirus vaccines". Vaccine. 27 (32): 4355–62. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.008. PMID 19515467.
  4. ↑ Liesegang TJ (August 2009). "Varicella zoster virus vaccines: effective, but concerns linger". Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. 44 (4): 379–84. doi:10.3129/i09-126. PMID 19606157.
  5. ↑ Orenstein WA, Bernier RH, Dondero TJ, Hinman AR, Marks JS, Bart KJ, Sirotkin B (1985). "Field evaluation of vaccine efficacy". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 63 (6): 1055–68. PMC 2536484. PMID 3879673.
  6. ↑ Jan 11, Hub staff report / Published; 2017 (2017-01-11). "The science is clear: Vaccines are safe, effective, and do not cause autism". The Hub. Retrieved 2019-04-16.
  7. ↑ Ellenberg SS, Chen RT (1997). "The complicated task of monitoring vaccine safety". Public Health Reports. 112 (1): 10–20, discussion 21. PMC 1381831. PMID 9018282.
  8. ↑ "Vaccine Safety: The Facts". HealthyChildren.org. Retrieved 2019-04-16.
  9. ↑ Grammatikos AP, Mantadakis E, Falagas ME (June 2009). "Meta-analyses on pediatric infections and vaccines". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 23 (2): 431–57. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2009.01.008. PMID 19393917.
  10. ↑ Schlegel M, Osterwalder JJ, Galeazzi RL, Vernazza PL (August 1999). "Comparative efficacy of three mumps vaccines during disease outbreak in Eastern Switzerland: cohort study". BMJ. 319 (7206): 352. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7206.352. PMC 32261. PMID 10435956.
  11. ↑ Préziosi MP, Halloran ME (September 2003). "Effects of pertussis vaccination on disease: vaccine efficacy in reducing clinical severity". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 37 (6): 772–9. doi:10.1086/377270. PMID 12955637.
  12. ↑ Miller, E.; Beverley, P. C. L.; Salisbury, D. M. (2002-07-01). "Vaccine programmes and policies". British Medical Bulletin. 62 (1): 201–211. doi:10.1093/bmb/62.1.201. ISSN 0007-1420. PMID 12176861.
  13. ↑ "WHO | Smallpox". WHO. World Health Organization. Retrieved 2019-04-16.
  14. ↑ "19 July 2017 Vaccines promoted as key to stamping out drug-resistant microbes"Immunization can stop resistant infections before they get started, say scientists from industry and academia.". Archived from the original on July 22, 2017.
  15. ↑ Sullivan P. (2005-04-13). "Maurice R. Hilleman dies; created vaccines". Wash. Post. Archived from the original on 2012-10-20. Retrieved 2014-01-09
  16. ↑ 16,0 et 16,1 Maglione MA, Das L, Raaen L, Smith A, Chari R, Newberry S, Shanman R, Perry T, Goetz MB, Gidengil C (August 2014). "Safety of vaccines used for routine immunization of U.S. children: a systematic review". Pediatrics. 134 (2): 325–37. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1079. PMID 25086160.
  17. ↑ 17,0 et 17,1 "Possible Side-effects from Vaccines". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018-07-12. Archived from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  18. ↑ "Seasonal Flu Shot – Seasonal Influenza (Flu)". CDC. 2018-10-02. Archived from the original on 2015-10-01. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
  19. ↑ "Vaccine Types". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. 2012-04-03. Archived from the original on 2015-09-05. Retrieved 2015-01-27.
  20. ↑ "Types of Vaccines". Archived from the original on 2017-07-29. Retrieved October 19,2017.
  21. ↑ "Different Types of Vaccines | History of Vaccines". www.historyofvaccines.org. Retrieved 2019-06-14.
  22. ↑ "Different Types of Vaccines | History of Vaccines". www.historyofvaccines.org. Retrieved 2019-05-03.
  23. ↑ "Monovalent" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  24. ↑ Polyvalent vaccine at Dorlands Medical Dictionary Archived March 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  25. ↑ Needham, Joseph. (2000). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.154
  26. ↑ Stern AM, Markel H (2005). "The history of vaccines and immunization: familiar patterns, unew challenges". Health Affairs. 24 (3): 611–21. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.24.3.611. PMID 15886151.
  27. ↑ Dunn PM (January 1996). "Dr Edward Jenner (1749-1823) of Berkeley, and vaccination against smallpox" (PDF). Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 74 (1): F77-8. doi:10.1136/fn.74.1.F77. PMC 2528332. PMID 8653442. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-08.
  28. ↑ Olesen OF, Lonnroth A, Mulligan B (January 2009). "Human vaccine research in the European Union". Vaccine. 27 (5): 640–5. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.064. PMID 19059446.
  29. ↑ Jit M, Newall AT, Beutels P (April 2013). "Key issues for estimating the impact and cost-effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination strategies". Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 9 (4): 834–40. doi:10.4161/hv.23637. PMC 3903903. PMID 23357859.
  30. ↑ Newall AT, Reyes JF, Wood JG, McIntyre P, Menzies R, Beutels P (February 2014). "Economic evaluations of implemented vaccination programmes: key methodological challenges in retrospective analyses". Vaccine. 32 (7): 759–65. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.067. PMID 24295806.
  31. ↑ Patel JR, Heldens JG (March 2009). "Immunoprophylaxis against important virus disease of horses, farm animals and birds". Vaccine. 27 (12): 1797–1810. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.063. PMID 19402200.
  32. ↑ Hardman Reis T (2006). "The role of intellectual property in the global challenge for immunization". J World Intellect Prop. 9 (4): 413–25. doi:10.1111/j.1422-2213.2006.00284.x.
  33. ↑ WHO to trial Nanopatch needle-free delivery system| ABC News, 16 Sep 2014| "Needle-free polio vaccine a 'game-changer'". 2014-09-16. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
  34. ↑ "Australian scientists develop 'needle-free' vaccination". The Sydney Morning Herald. 18 August 2013. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015.
  35. ↑ "Vaxxas raises $25m to take Brisbane's Nanopatch global". Business Review Weekly. 2015-02-10. Archived from the original on 2015-03-16. Retrieved 2015-03-05.
  36. ↑ "Australian scientists develop 'needle-free' vaccination". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 28 September 2011. Archived from the original on 1 January 2014.
  37. ↑ 37,0 37,1 37,2 37,3 37,4 37,5 et 37,6 Plotkin SA (April 2005). "Vaccines: past, present and future". Nature Medicine. 11 (4 Suppl): S5-11. doi:10.1038/nm1209. PMC 7095920. PMID 15812490.
  38. ↑ Carlson B (2008). "Adults now drive growth of vaccine market". Gen. Eng. Biotechnol. News. 28 (11). pp. 22–3. Archived from the original on 2014-01-10.
  39. ↑ Staff (28 March 2013). "Safer vaccine created without virus". The Japan Times. Agence France-Presse – Jiji Press. Archived from the original on 30 March 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
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